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Chapter8Thefutureofcellresearch
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Thewholecellissiderablymorethahewparts.Thesamealsobesaidaboutthegeheidentifioftheblueprintforindividualmolepohedertakeionthatarigorouscharacterizationofallofthepartsseparatelywillleadtofthewhole.Thisisasystemofiioionism，whichhasbeenadominantphilosophyinbiologivestigationfordecades.However，justtoidentifythemolecularpartsofthepuzzleisnotgoingtotellushoorksifwedoherulesfortheirassembly.Thisrequiresthedevelopmentofapproavestigate‘systemsbiology’or‘bioplexity’，asaparadigmshift（i.e.‘thinkihebox’）inbiologicalresearch，whereinthegeistouhecolleteraultiplemolecularprootonlywithiself，butalsoatthetissue，an，andahebottomlihemoleculesdrivethecelltodrivetheanism，ordaheditsmolereality，suterasliesomewherebetweenthecellrespondingtoitsimmediatee，balathetrolsofgeneexpression.
Therearemaingareasofreseartoeiandingofhowcellularbehaviourgesodramaticallyaftersubtlegesatthelevelofgenesaherapproachesusecellstocureadisease，forextraetals，thebreakdowroleumproducts，httoproducebiofuels.Equallyfasgareoureffortstothetiduhebiologybehihischapterwebrieflyexamihesefuturediredhowtheymightevolve.
Systemsbiology
thepleteDNAsequeafewhumans.idlyinguandingofthebiochemiismsiheday-to-dayexistehedhowitdividesaes.Ienyears，advanmolecularteologyhaveallowedustoinduitesinthousaheirapanyingRNAsignals，andproteinprodu.Thesegeseasuredmoreorlessatthesametimeahiheknowledgeingoutofthisofteologieshasdevelopedintoitsow，knownassystemsbiology.Ithasallowedustoseemillioleiiohedifferehecell.Earlyexperimentsmohegesthatocaitissubjectedtoaknowicaldrug.Forexample，icase，adrugihitstargeteeinandst.arentnhourabilitytoahousandsofindividualgeheirproductssimultaneouslyisthatadrugalsesinthelevelsofmaeins，oftenseeminglyuheienzyme，whichmaybeincreasedorreduatdifferihismayaedrugsideeffectsbutalsoallowsthedevelopmentof‘er’morespecificpharmaceuticals.Byfurtherapplyihodologytovariousbiologicalsystems，wearestartingtodiscoverthealterationsingeneexpressionandproteiakeplagvariousbiologicalprocessessuchascelldivisionaioheseexperimeakerelativelylittletimetoperfwhattheymeanwilltakelohevastamountofdatageoiunately，analysisofthisinformationhasbeenmadepossiblebypowerfulputing.Ingly，dmyreliesonthis insilicobiology，whiownasbioinformatics，tosolvethedifficultquestionsofbiologicalbehaviourintermsofDNAandproteinsequence.
LeroyHood，apiohisfield，suggestedabeautifulexampleofhowsystemsbiologymightworkiieheirdery，givingapinprickofblood.Whatfollowsisthefullbiochemie，andproteinanalysisofthebody’sfundhealthstate.Thisinformatiolyputedforallpossiblediseases，matchedwiththesymptoms，andtherapiesorfurthertestssuggestedallinamatterofmihisispersonalizedmedie，adreamafewyearsago，andnowonlyamatterof（uime.cerresearchersarealreadyusieinandDNAteoremelysmallnumberofcercellsthatbefoundinthebloodofapatientsufferingfromasolidtumour（asmallumourcellsareuouslyshedintotheblood，passingthroughthecapillariessupplyihegrowingtumour）.Pharmaceuticalresearchersareusihodstoihegeneraleffiewanticerdrugs.
&hedynamiatureoftheliviofollowthefateofindividualprbiologicalprocesses（forinstangstemcelldifferentiatioheabilitytotagoeinsahemiime.Previously，moleculessuchasgreeprotein（GFP）wouldbeusedaslabelsbutthistaganytimeslargerthanthemoleterest，andpossiblyisnormalactivity.Taggingisnowpossiblewithminuteinaumdots）whiall（seeFigure1）thattheypassstraightthroughthecellmembraeologyisthestrollingmatteronanatomiolecularsdieraaterialsbetween1and100raeroftwohemassiveadvantageatthisscaleistheultrafastspeedofthereas，whichareremihosefouhisgrowingareaofreseargappliedtolivihemolealysisofdisease.Futureappliswillihemianipulationoffaultygenes，buildingcellularbio-sensors，aingDNAputers.Imagiimewhenanoralmediotjustachalkypill，butwillsistofacapsulefullofnanrammedtofitheDNAofcerahreateningvirus.patientswithaeddiseasecouldbecorredaffescouldberestructuredbysurgiorobots.
Syiclife
AlllivingcellsarerelatedtoeachotherbytheiruseofthesamegeidasmallnumberofhighlyservedproteihissuggeststhatallmodernlifeevlearallivihepoheAbases，aminoadevensmallpolymersofthese—havebeehelabresoftheextremechemidphysiditioedasthehcooleddointheeraeheticentalprecursors.
eedtocreateoleculesbeforetheydivide，buttheyalsowareandalltheplexproteinsynthesismaerytogetthere.Therefore，themisforacellare:agstructure;aDNAsequeinthelenes，eagforaproteinthatplechemicalreaostimportayttheseprocessestogetherwiththeinformationtotlyreplicateitself.Fatmoleself-assembleintoprimitivemembranes，fsphericalstructurestoprotetratetheirts.Artifiescapableofassistingihesis，andfunalsynthesizedgerodutocellslaucleushavebeeedsuccessfullyiilycreatedaphotosyigalltheeovert98%ofsunlightintosugar.Thesebioteologyapplistlymimiaturallifeprocesses.illbeabletorecreateapleteilifeformislessbutsuayhelpustofurtherdefilifeis.
Growinglimbsandears
Inourowheliverisitedregeion，butboffastarfishorasalamaoihemnalsthatareusedbythesespeciesteelimbsinadultlife.Mammalsseemtoohissignallingpathwaydurihoftheearlyembryobutitisapathwaythatmayotentialtobereactivated.Follicalremoval，thewingsgrowbaembryoheproduofaproteiisswit.Freionalsotakeplacelaterinthelifewntproteiadpoleshavethisabilitybutitisnormallylostwheamorphoseints.Theexpressionofroteinaroundaninjuryisthoughttocauseareprortraionofmaturecellscapablethecelltypeshelimb.Veryyounghavebeenknrertips，andsuingpossibilitiesforhumantissueregeion.
&erence
weliveforever?Insteadold，the‘immortaljellyfish’（Turritopsisnutricula）reachessexualmaturity，thesbacktoitsjuveage（equivalenttoembryonicmaturejellyfish（medusastage），thebellsurfaddigestivealaraedintopolypswhidevelopintomaturejellyfishandsoon.Thispropertyofbypassihbyreversingitslifecycleis，sofar，uheanimalkingdom，allowingasolejellyfishtoliveandreproduitely.Fortuofthesejellyfish（theybreedevery24hours）arelosttothegeneralhazardsinthesea.
&udieshaveshownthataninsuliorproteiansplaysavitalroleinglifespan.Thisgeneisimportaiiooleraahelackofoxygen，aack.Mutationsinthisgehewormtolivetwig（albeitinlaboratorys）.Higherlevelsofaproteinthattrolstheexpressionofthisiorarealsocorrelatedwithlohewormleadsthewaytoexamiheequivalentgenesinmammalsareabletlife.Asweuahowcellsage，itmaybepossibletomahegeidmeicsofthisprocess.
Aivewayofgainingimmortalityistocreateaeofyourself.ThefirstmammaledwasDollythesheepbywayofsomatiusfer（introduucleusofaoailizedeggfollowedbysurrogatemotherhood）.Thishasledtotheprodueof‘immortal’alsingbelovedhouseholdpets.Theproblemwithproduewaiallyfromanadulthatitiheriskoftheearlyoofage-relateddiseasesingdthegrowthoftheearlyembryonicbodyhasbeeedasanewacellsourcetoprovidetherapeuticstemcellsfortransplahidpolitishavestoppedfurtherworkihemoment.
&hisplaisbasedonthegle-celledlifeformslikebacteria，yeasts，andalgaehaveevolvedovermanymilliooulticellularanimalscapable（inourownsituatitouandhowlifeitselfworks.Meticulousobservationandprofoundthinkingby19th-turybiologistshelpedustouandwhatthecellis，howeverynewcellisrelatedtoitsmothercellthroughitsgenes，andhowonecellorofevolveintonewspeciesbyadaptingtoageuheiuralsele.The20thturyhasseentheunravellingofthepohedegofthevastamountsofinformationthatliesinDNAandproteins，andaninitialgraspoftheunibetweehemoleposihe21stturywillprobablyyieldwaysofusiuralorsyocuredisease，regeofthebody，aendlifespan.Perhapswecreatecell-basedsuperputers.JustastheevolvingbaEarth’searlyhistedthechemistryofthebiosphere，similarapproachescouldbeusedtoreversetheharmwehavedoneinourgexploitationandpollutio.peure，livingsomeformorother，arelikelytosurviveandadapttotheireherhumaoseethisisratherless.
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