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弗吉尼亚权利法案Virgiihts
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乔治·梅森GeeMason
乔治·梅森(1725-1792)是一位倡导人权、促成被称为人权法案的美国宪法修正案的通过而名垂青史的政治家、思想家,他在两百多年前为美国的独立作出了重要贡献。
IThatallmeureequallyfreea,aais,ofwhitheyeoastateofsociety,theyot,byanypact,depriveordivesttheirposterity;heeoflifeahthemeansandpossessiy,andpursuingandobtaininghappinessay.
IIThatallpowerisvestedin,alyderivedfrom,thepeople;thatmagistratesaretheirtrusteesas,andatalltimesamehe
IIIThatgoveris,httobe,iheoedsecurityofthepeople,nationorunity;ofallthevariousmodesandfoverisbest,whichiscapablethegreatestdegreeofhappinessayandismosteffectuallysecuredagainstthedangerofmaladministration;andthat,wheneverashallbefoueortrarytothesepurposes,amajorityoftheunityhathanindubitable,unalienable,andindefeasiblerighttoreform,alterorabolishit,insuerasshallbejudgedmostducivetothepublic>
IVThatnomaofmeoexclusiveorseparateemolumentsesfromtheunity,butiionofpublicservices;whiotbeingdesdible,heoffiagistrate,legislatebehereditary.
VThatthelegislativeaivepowersofthestateshouldbeseparateanddistinthejudid,thatthemembersofthetwofirstmayberestrainedfromoppressionbyfeelingandpartigtheburthensofthepeople,theyshould,atfixedperiods,bereducedtoaprivatestatioothatbodyfromwhichtheywereihevaciesbesuppliedbyfrequeain,andregularelewhichall,oranypartoftheformermembers,tobeagaineligible,ible,asthelawsshalldirect.
VIThateleberstoserveasrepresehepeopleinassemblyoughttobefree;andthatallmen,havingsuffitevideoh,andattamuherighteandotbetaxedordeprivedoftheirpropertyforpublicuseswithouttheirowhatoftheirrepresentativessoeleorboundbyanylawtowhichtheyhavenot,inlikemaed,forthepublicgood.
VIIThatallpowerofsuspendinglaws,ortheexeoflaws,byanyauthoritywithouttoftherepresehepeopleisinjuriousthtsandoughtnottobeexercised.
VIIIThatinalliionsamanhatharighttodemandthednatureofhisatobetedwiththeadwitocallforevidenhisfavor,andtoaspeedytrialbyanimpartialjuryofhisviage,withoutwhoseunanimoustheotbefoundguilty,norhebepelledtogiveevidehimself;thatnomanbedeprivedofhislibertyexceptbythelawofthelandementofhispeers.
IXThatexcessivebailoughtnottoberequired,norexcessivefinesimposed;nordunusualpusinflicted.
XThatgeneralwarrants,wherebyanyermaybeaosearchsuspectedplaceswithoutevidenceofafaitted,ortoseizeanypersonamed,orwhoseoffeparticularlydesdsupportedbyevidence,aregrievousandoppressiveandoughted.
XIThatintrpropertyandiweenmanandmatrialbyjuryispreferabletoanyhttobeheldsacred.
XIIThatthefreedomofthepressisobulwarksoflibertyandeverberestraibydespotients.
XIIIThatawellregulatedmilitia,posedofthebodyofthepeople,traioarms,istheproper,natural,andsafedefenseofafreestate;thatstandiimeofpeace,shouldbeavoidedasdaoliberty;andthat,ihemilitaryshouldbeusubordinationto,andbegoverhecivilpower.
XIVThatthepeoplehavearighttoverherefore,thatseparatefrom,orihegoverinia,oughttobeerectedorestablishedwithihereof.
XVThatnoverheblessingsofliberty,bepreservedtoabyafirmadhereice,moderation,temperance,frugality,andvirtueareentalprinciples.
XVIThatreligioyetoourdthemannerit,bedirectedbyreasonand,notbyforceorvioleherefore,allmenareequallyehefreeexerciseitothedictatesofdthatitisthemutualdutyofalltopracticeforbearance,love,andcharitytowardseachother.
一、人人生来自由、平等与独立,并享有某些天赋之人权,即当他们结合为一个社会时,他们不能凭任何契约剥夺其后裔的这些权利;这些权利,即享受生活与自由的权利,包括获取与拥有财产、追求和享有安全与幸福。
二、所有的权力都源自人民,因而也都属于人民;管理者是他们的受托人与仆人,无论什么时候都应服从于人民。
三、政府应当是为了保证人民、国家和社会的共同利益和安全而设立的;在不同形式的政府之间,最好的政府是能够提供最大幸福和安全的政府,是能够最有效地防止弊政危险的政府。
因此,当发现任何政府不合乎甚至违反这些宗旨时,社会大众享有不容置疑、不可剥夺和不能取消的权力并以公认为最有助于大众利益的方式,改革、变换或废除政府。
四、除非为了服务公众,任何个人或群体都无权从社会获取独占的或垄断的利益或特权;公共职位——行政长官、立法者和法官等职位不能世袭。
五、州的立法权、行政权应与司法权分立,并要有明确的界限;前两者的成员如能感受并分担人民的疾苦,就不至于压迫人民;他们应在规定的任职期限之后恢复平民身份,回到他们原来所在的机构,其空缺则应通过经常的、确定的以及定期的选举来填补;在选举当中,将按照法律规定,确定以前的所有成员或部分成员是否仍符合连任的条件。
六、选举议会代表的各项选举,都应该自由进行;凡是能够证明与本社会有永久性共同利益关系并属于本社会的人都享有选举权;未经选举人本人或其代表同意,不能对选举人征税或剥夺其财产供公众使用;同样,选举人也不受任何未经他们以同样方式同意的法律的约束。
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